ketendoКлиническая и экспериментальная тиреоидологияClinical and experimental thyroidology1995-54722310-3787Endocrinology Research Centre10.14341/ket12474ketendo-12474Research ArticleОбзоры литературыReview of literatureПо материалам клинических рекомендаций Европейской Тиреоидной Ассоциации по диагностике и лечению тиреотоксикоза при болезни Грейвса 2018 годаReview of European Thyroid Association Guideline (2018) for the Management of Graves’ Hyperthyroidismhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3026-6315ФадеевВалентин ВикторовичFadeyevV. V.

Фадеев Валентин Викторович, д.м.н., профессор, член-корр. РАН; eLibrary SPIN: 6825-8417.

ул. Погодинская, д. 1, стр. 1, 119992 Москва, Россия

Valentin V. Fadeyev, MD, PhD, Professor; eLibrary SPIN: 6825-8417.

1-1 Pogodinskaya street. 119992 Moscow, Russia

walfad@mail.ruФГАОУ ВП Первый МГМУ имени И.М.Сеченова Минздрава России (Москва)РоссияI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Russian Federation202018062020161420Copyright © Фадеев В.В., 20202020Фадеев В.В.Fadeyev V.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.cet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/12474

Болезнь Грейвса (БГ) — системное аутоиммунное заболевание, характеризующееся инфильтрацией тканей, экспрессирующих рецептор тиреотропного гормона (ТТГ), а также Т-лимфоцитами, специфичными к антигенам щитовидной железы (ЩЖ). При БГ стимулирующие антитела (АТ) активируют рецептор к ТТГ (рТТГ), что приводит к гиперплазии ЩЖ и нерегулируемой гиперпродукции и гиперсекреции тиреоидных гормонов. Диагностика БГ базируется на лабораторном подтверждении тиреотоксикоза, повышении уровня АТ-рТТГ, обнаружении гиперваскуляризации и гипоэхогенности ЩЖ при УЗИ в сочетании с эндокринной орбитопатией (ЭОП). Определение уровня АТ-рТТГ необходимо для дифференциальной диагностики, прогнозирования риска рецидива тиреотоксикоза и при беременности. Тиреотоксикоз при БГ купируется назначением тиреостатиков, которые подавляют синтез тиреоидных гормонов; радикальное лечение подразумевает разрушение ткани ЩЖ при помощи радиоактивного йода (131I) или ее хирургическое удаление (тиреоидэктомию). Пациентам с впервые выявленной БГ в большинстве случаев назначается терапия тиамазолом (ТМЗ), который рассматривается как препарат первого выбора, сроком 12–18 месяцев. Детям с БГ традиционно рекомендуется более длительный курс терапии ТМЗ — обычно на 24–36 месяцев. Если у пациента сохраняется повышение уровня АТ-рТТГ спустя 12–18 месяцев тиреостатической терапии, она, в части случаев, может быть продолжена с повторным определением АТ-рТТГ еще через 12 месяцев; альтернативой является 131I или тиреоидэктомия. Женщин, получающих терапию ТМЗ, при планировании беременности или в ее I триместре, рекомендуется перевести на пропилтиоурацил (ПТУ). В случае развития рецидива или сохранения тиреотоксикоза после окончания курса тиреостатической терапии пациенту показано радикальное лечение. Тем не менее, в отдельных случаях тиреостатическая терапия может проводиться длительно. Тиреоидэктомию следует доверять специализированным эндокринным хирургам, имеющим достаточный опыт проведения этой операции. Терапия 131I противопоказана пациентам с тяжелой активной орбитопатией (ЭОП) и должна проводиться на фоне профилактического назначения глюкокортикоидов (ГК) при умеренно активной ЭОП.

Graves’ disease (GD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by the infiltration of thyroid antigen-specific T-cells into thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R)-expressing tissues. Stimulatory autoantibodies (Ab) in GD activate the TSH-R leading to thyroid hyperplasia and unregulated thyroid hormone production and secretion. Diagnosis of GD is straightforward in a patient with biochemically confirmed thyrotoxicosis, positive TSH-R-Ab, a hypervascular and hypoechoic thyroid gland (ultrasound), and associated orbitopathy. In GD, measurement of TSH-R-Ab is recommended for an accurate diagnosis/differential diagnosis, prior to stopping antithyroid drug (ATD) treatment and during pregnancy. Graves’ hyperthyroidism is treated by decreasing thyroid hormone synthesis with the use of ATD, or by reducing the amount of thyroid tissue with radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment or total thyroidectomy. Patients with newly diagnosed Graves’ hyperthyroidism are usually medically treated for 12–18 months with methimazole (MMI) as the preferred drug. In children with GD, a 24- to 36-month course of MMI is recommended. Patients with persistently high TSH-R-Ab at 12–18 months can continue MMI treatment, repeating the TSH-R-Ab measurement after an additional 12 months, or opt for therapy with RAI or thyroidectomy. Women treated with MMI should be switched to propylthiouracil when planning pregnancy and during the first trimester of pregnancy. If a patient relapses after completing a course of ATD, definitive treatment is recommended; however, continued long-term low-dose MMI can be considered. Thyroidectomy should be performed by an experienced high-volume thyroid surgeon. RAI is contraindicated in Graves’ patients with active/severe orbitopathy, and steroid prophylaxis is warranted in Graves’ patients with mild/active orbitopathy receiving RAI.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.