<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ketendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Клиническая и экспериментальная тиреоидология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical and experimental thyroidology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1995-5472</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-3787</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology Research Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/ket12748</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ketendo-12748</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Studies</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Структурные и морфологические характеристики узлового зоба в условиях хронического дефицита йода</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Structural and morphologic characteristics of nodular goiter in chronic iodine deficiency status</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8520-8702</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трошина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Troshina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Трошина Екатерина Анатольевна, д.м.н., профессор</p><p>Россия, Москва, 117292, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, д. 11 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Troshina, MD, PhD, Professor </p><p>11 Dmitriya Ulianova str., 117292, Moscow, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">troshina@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3805-7574</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маколина</surname><given-names>Н. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makolina</surname><given-names>N. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маколина Наталья Павловна </p><p>Россия, Москва, 117292, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, д. 11 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia P. Makolina, MD </p><p>11 Dmitriya Ulianova str., 117292, Moscow, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">makolina.natalia@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2283-8958</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колпакова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolpakova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Колпакова Евгения Александровна</p><p>Россия, Москва, 117292, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, д. 11 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenia A. Kolpakova, MD </p><p>11 Dmitriya Ulianova str., 117292, Moscow, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">colpakova.ev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4031-5050</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никифорович</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikiforovich</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никифорович Петр Алексеевич </p><p>Россия, Москва, 117292, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, д. 11 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petr A. Nikiforovich, MD </p><p>11 Dmitriya Ulianova str., 117292, Moscow, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikiforovichdoc@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-6783</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исаева</surname><given-names>М. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Isaeva</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Исаева Мария Петровна </p><p>Россия, Москва, 117292, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, д. 11 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Maria P. Isaeva </p><p>11 Dmitriya Ulianova str., 117292, Moscow, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">isaeva.marya@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-2421</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдулхабирова</surname><given-names>Ф. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdulkhabirova</surname><given-names>F. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абдулхабирова Фатима Магомедовна, к.м.н. </p><p>Россия, Москва, 117292, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, д. 11 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Fatima M. Abdulkhabirova, MD, PhD </p><p>11 Dmitriya Ulianova str., 117292, Moscow, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Abdulkhabirova@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-720X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Платонова</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Platonova</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Платонова Надежда Михайловна, д.м.н. </p><p>Россия, Москва, 117292, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, д. 11 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Nadezhda M. Platonova, MD, PhD </p><p>11 Dmitriya Ulianova str., 117292, Moscow, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">platonova.nadezhda@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Endocrinology Research Centre<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Трошина Е.А., Маколина Н.П., Колпакова Е.А., Никифорович П.А., Исаева М.П., Абдулхабирова Ф.М., Платонова Н.М., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Трошина Е.А., Маколина Н.П., Колпакова Е.А., Никифорович П.А., Исаева М.П., Абдулхабирова Ф.М., Платонова Н.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Troshina E.A., Makolina N.P., Kolpakova E.A., Nikiforovich P.A., Isaeva M.P., Abdulkhabirova F.M., Platonova N.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.cet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/12748">https://www.cet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/12748</self-uri><abstract><p>ОБОСНОВАНИЕ. Диффузный и узловой зоб — наиболее распространенные заболевания щитовидной железы (ЩЖ) у детей и взрослых, проживающих в регионах с дефицитом йода. Тиреотропный гормон (ТТГ) потенцирует прогрессирующую гипертрофию и гиперплазию тиреоцитов, при этом неравномерная пролиферация клеток ЩЖ приводит к образованию узлов. Дефицит йода, способствующий репликации фолликулярных клеток ЩЖ, также увеличивает вероятность мутаций в гене рецептора ТТГ, что приводит к активации рецептора и автономному функционированию фолликулов.ЦЕЛЬ. Оценить и описать ультразвуковые и цитологические особенности узловых форм заболеваний ЩЖ в регионах РФ с доказанным дефицитом йода.МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Исследование проводилось в регионах с доказанным дефицитом йода Центрального и Северо-Кавказского федеральных округов. Обследована неорганизованная популяция условно здоровых взрослых добровольцев (средний возраст — 47,5 года), набранных в рамках выездных мероприятий ГНЦ ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии» Минздрава России с целью скрининга населения РФ на предмет распространенности узловых форм заболеваний ЩЖ.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Полученные результаты указывают на высокую распространенность многоузлового коллоидного зоба в когорте взрослых пациентов, проживающих в условиях хронического дефицита йода. В Чеченской Республике распространенность узловой патологии ЩЖ выявлена в 64,5% (205/318) случаев, в Тульской области — в 40,6% (116/286). В изучаемой выборке результатами цитологического исследования подтверждено наличие коллоидных образований ЩЖ у 97% (60/62) включенных в исследование — получена II категория по Bethesda, у 3% (2/62) пациентов узловые образования имели неопределенную цитологическую характеристику по Bethesda — IV. Распространенность диффузного зоба в изучаемой выборке составила 20,8%.ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Результаты проведенного исследования указывают на высокую распространенность йододефицитного заболевания ЩЖ — многоузлового коллоидного зоба в регионах с доказанным хроническим дефицитом йода. Широкая распространенность морфологических форм зоба с коллоидным и кистозным компонентами подтверждена результатами цитологического исследования пунктатов узловых образований ЩЖ с различными ультразвуковыми характеристиками по классификации EU-TIRADS. Полученные данные соответствуют официальной статистике, демонстрирующей высокую распространенность нетоксического зоба у взрослых лиц в обследованных регионах, что является важным аргументом, подтверждающим необходимость системной йодной профилактики.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>OBJECTIVES. Diffuse and nodular goiter are the most common thyroid gland (thyroid) diseases in children and adults living in iodine-deficient regions. Thyroid hormone potentiates progressive hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyrocytes, with uneven proliferation of thyroid cells leading to nodule formation. Iodine deficiency, which promotes replication of thyroid follicular cells, also increases the incidence of TSH Receptor mutations, leading to receptor activation and autonomous functioning of follicles.AIM. To evaluate and describe ultrasound and cytologic thyroid nodes in the regions in Russia with proven iodine deficiency.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study was conducted in regions with proven iodine deficiency in the Central and North Caucasian Federal Districts. Population of conditionally healthy adult volunteers (mean age — 47.5 years) was recruited as part of visiting events to screen for the occurrence of thyroid nodes.RESULTS. The results obtained indicate a high prevalence of multinodular colloid goiter in adult patients living in conditions of chronic iodine deficiency. In the Chechen Republic, the prevalence of nodular thyroid pathology was found in 64.5% (205/318) of cases, and in the Tula region — in 40.6% (116/286). In the studied sample the results of cytologic examination confirmed the presence of colloid thyroid masses in 97% (60/62) — Bethesda category II; in 3% (2/62) of patients nodular masses had Bethesda IV. Diffuse goiter prevalence in the examined population was 20.8%.CONCLUSIONS. A study indicates a high prevalence of iodine-deficient thyroid disease — multinodular colloid goiter in regions with proven chronic iodine deficiency. The wide prevalence of goiter with colloid and cystic components is confirmed by the cytologic examination with different ultrasound characteristics according to the EU-TIRADS classification. The obtained data correspond to the official statistics demonstrating high prevalence of nontoxic goiter in adults in the examined regions, which is an important argument confirming the need for systemic iodine prophylaxis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>йодный дефицит</kwd><kwd>щитовидная железа</kwd><kwd>йододефицитные заболевания</kwd><kwd>диффузный нетоксический зоб</kwd><kwd>узловой зоб</kwd><kwd>многоузловой зоб</kwd><kwd>коллоидный зоб</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковое исследование</kwd><kwd>цитологическое исследование</kwd><kwd>йодированная соль</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Iodine deficiency</kwd><kwd>thyroid gland</kwd><kwd>iodine deficiency diseases</kwd><kwd>diffuse nontoxic goiter</kwd><kwd>nodular goiter</kwd><kwd>multinodular goiter</kwd><kwd>colloid goiter</kwd><kwd>ultrasonography</kwd><kwd>cytologic examination</kwd><kwd>iodized salt</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке гранта РНФ Рег. № 22-15-00135 «Научное обоснование, разработка и внедрение новых технологий диагностики коморбидных йододефицитных и аутоиммунных заболеваний щитовидной железы, в том числе с использованием возможностей искусственного интеллекта».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Benoist B, McLean E, Anderson M, Rogers L, Hetzel1983.pdf, Food Nutr Bull. 2008;29(3):195-202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Benoist B, McLean E, Anderson M, Rogers L, Hetzel1983.pdf, Food Nutr Bull. 2008;29(3):195-202.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hetzel B. Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) and their eradication. Lancet. 1983;322(8359):1126-1129. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(83)90636-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hetzel B. Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) and their eradication. Lancet. 1983;322(8359):1126-1129. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(83)90636-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zimmermann MB, Andersson M. Global endocrinology: Global perspectives in endocrinology: coverage of iodized salt programs and iodine status in 2020. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021;185(1):R13-R21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-21-0171</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimmermann MB, Andersson M. Global endocrinology: Global perspectives in endocrinology: coverage of iodized salt programs and iodine status in 2020. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021;185(1):R13-R21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-21-0171</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campanozzi A, Rutigliano I, Macchia PE, et al. Iodine deficiency among Italian children and adolescents assessed through 24-hour urinary iodine excretion. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(4):1080-1087. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy393</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campanozzi A, Rutigliano I, Macchia PE, et al. Iodine deficiency among Italian children and adolescents assessed through 24-hour urinary iodine excretion. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(4):1080-1087. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy393</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aghini-Lombardi F, Vitti P, Antonangeli L, et al. The size of the community rather than its geographical location better defines the risk of iodine deficiency: Results of an extensive survey in Southern Italy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013;36(5):282-286. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03347103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aghini-Lombardi F, Vitti P, Antonangeli L, et al. The size of the community rather than its geographical location better defines the risk of iodine deficiency: Results of an extensive survey in Southern Italy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013;36(5):282-286. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03347103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трошина Е.А., Платонова Н.М., Панфилова Е.А. Аналитический обзор результатов мониторинга основных эпидемиологических характеристик йододефицитных заболеваний у населения Российской Федерации за период 2009–2018 гг // Проблемы Эндокринологии. — 2021. — Т. 67. — №2. — С. 10-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12433</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Troshina EA, Platonova NM, Panfilova EA. Dynamics of epidemiological indicators of thyroid pathology in the population of the Russian Federation: analytical report for the period 2009–2018. Problems of Endocrinology. 2021;67(2):10-19. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12433</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS. Iodinedeficiency disorders. Lancet. 2008;372(9645):1251-1262. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61005-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS. Iodinedeficiency disorders. Lancet. 2008;372(9645):1251-1262. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61005-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kopp P, Kimura ET, Aeschimann S, et al. Polyclonal and monoclonal thyroid nodules coexist within human multinodular goiters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79(1):134-139. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.79.1.7517946</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kopp P, Kimura ET, Aeschimann S, et al. Polyclonal and monoclonal thyroid nodules coexist within human multinodular goiters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79(1):134-139. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.79.1.7517946</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tonacchera M. Activating Thyrotropin receptor mutations are present in nonadenomatous hyperfunctioning nodules of toxic or autonomous multinodular goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(6):2270-2274. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.85.6.2270</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tonacchera M. Activating Thyrotropin receptor mutations are present in nonadenomatous hyperfunctioning nodules of toxic or autonomous multinodular goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(6):2270-2274. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.85.6.2270</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laurberg P, Cerqueira C, Ovesen L, et al. Iodine intake as a determinant of thyroid disorders in populations. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;24(1):13-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2009.08.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laurberg P, Cerqueira C, Ovesen L, et al. Iodine intake as a determinant of thyroid disorders in populations. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;24(1):13-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2009.08.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aghini Lombardi F, Fiore E, Tonacchera M, et al. The Effect of Voluntary Iodine Prophylaxis in a Small Rural Community: The Pescopagano Survey 15 Years Later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(3):1031-1039. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2960</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aghini Lombardi F, Fiore E, Tonacchera M, et al. The Effect of Voluntary Iodine Prophylaxis in a Small Rural Community: The Pescopagano Survey 15 Years Later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(3):1031-1039. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2960</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barrea L, Gallo M, Ruggeri RM, et al. Nutritional status and follicular-derived thyroid cancer: An update. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61(1):25-59. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1714542</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barrea L, Gallo M, Ruggeri RM, et al. Nutritional status and follicular-derived thyroid cancer: An update. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61(1):25-59. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1714542</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, Padova G, et al. The frequency of cold thyroid nodules and thyroid malignancies in patients from an iodine-deficient area. Cancer. 1987;60(12):3096-3102. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19871215)60:12&lt;3096::AIDCNCR2820601240&gt;3.0.CO;2-V</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, Padova G, et al. The frequency of cold thyroid nodules and thyroid malignancies in patients from an iodine-deficient area. Cancer. 1987;60(12):3096-3102. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19871215)60:12&lt;3096::AIDCNCR2820601240&gt;3.0.CO;2-V</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levi F, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, et al. Previous thyroid disease and risk of thyroid cancer in Switzerland. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1991;27(1):85-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5379(91)90069-P</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levi F, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, et al. Previous thyroid disease and risk of thyroid cancer in Switzerland. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1991;27(1):85-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5379(91)90069-P</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lind P, Langsteger W, Molnar M, et al. Thyroid Diseases in Iodine Sufficiency. Thyroid. 1998;8(12):1179-1183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lind P, Langsteger W, Molnar M, et al. Thyroid Diseases in Iodine Sufficiency. Thyroid. 1998;8(12):1179-1183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farahati J, Geling M, Mäder U, et al. Changing Trends of Incidence and Prognosis of Thyroid Carcinoma in Lower Franconia, Germany, from 1981–1995. Thyroid. 2004;14(2):141-147. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/105072504322880382</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farahati J, Geling M, Mäder U, et al. Changing Trends of Incidence and Prognosis of Thyroid Carcinoma in Lower Franconia, Germany, from 1981–1995. Thyroid. 2004;14(2):141-147. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/105072504322880382</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Segovia IG, Gallowitsch HJ, Kresnik E, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of thyroid carcinoma in carinthia, Austria: 1984–2001. Histopathologic features and tumor classification of 734 cases under elevated general iodination of table salt since 1990: populationbased age-stratified analysis on thyroid. Thyroid. 2004;14(4):277-286. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/105072504323030933</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Segovia IG, Gallowitsch HJ, Kresnik E, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of thyroid carcinoma in carinthia, Austria: 1984–2001. Histopathologic features and tumor classification of 734 cases under elevated general iodination of table salt since 1990: populationbased age-stratified analysis on thyroid. Thyroid. 2004;14(4):277-286. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/105072504323030933</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruben Harach H, Williams ED. Thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in the goitrous region of Salta, Argentina, before and after iodine prophylaxis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf ). 1995;43(6):701-706. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb00538.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruben Harach H, Williams ED. Thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in the goitrous region of Salta, Argentina, before and after iodine prophylaxis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf ). 1995;43(6):701-706. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb00538.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minelli G, Conti S, Manno V, et al. The Geographical Pattern of Thyroid Cancer Mortality Between 1980 and 2009 in Italy. Thyroid. 2013;23(12):1609-1618. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2013.0088</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minelli G, Conti S, Manno V, et al. The Geographical Pattern of Thyroid Cancer Mortality Between 1980 and 2009 in Italy. Thyroid. 2013;23(12):1609-1618. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2013.0088</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трошина Е.А. Диагностика, лечение и мониторинг узловых форм заболеваний щитовидной железы: Дис. ... докт. мед. наук. — М.; 2002. 40 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Troshina EA. Diagnostika, lechenie i monitoring uzlovyh form zabolevanij shhitovidnoj zhelezy [dissertation]. Moscow; 2002. 40 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1-133. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2015.0020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1-133. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2015.0020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трошина Е.А. Зоб. — М.: ООО Издательство «Медицинское информационное агентство»; 2012. 336 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Troshina EA. Zob. Moscow: OOO Izdatel’stvo «Medicinskoe informacionnoe agentstvo»; 2012. 336 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giordano, Barone, Marsico, et al. Endemic goiter and iodine prophylaxis in calabria, a region of Southern Italy: Past and present. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2428. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102428</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giordano, Barone, Marsico, et al. Endemic goiter and iodine prophylaxis in calabria, a region of Southern Italy: Past and present. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2428. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102428</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tunbridge WMG, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf ). 1977;7(6):481-493. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tunbridge WMG, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf ). 1977;7(6):481-493. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Welker MJ, Orlov D. Thyroid nodules. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67(3):559-566.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Welker MJ, Orlov D. Thyroid nodules. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67(3):559-566.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seifert P, Schenke S, Zimny M, et al. Diagnostic Performance of Kwak, EU, ACR, and Korean TIRADS as well as ATA Guidelines for the ultrasound risk stratification of non-autonomously functioning thyroid nodules in a region with long history of iodine deficiency: A German multicenter trial. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(17):4467. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174467</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seifert P, Schenke S, Zimny M, et al. Diagnostic Performance of Kwak, EU, ACR, and Korean TIRADS as well as ATA Guidelines for the ultrasound risk stratification of non-autonomously functioning thyroid nodules in a region with long history of iodine deficiency: A German multicenter trial. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(17):4467. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174467</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
