ketendoКлиническая и экспериментальная тиреоидологияClinical and experimental thyroidology1995-54722310-3787Endocrinology Research Centre10.14341/ket9774ketendo-9774Research ArticleОбзоры литературыReview of literatureМикроРНК – перспективные молекулярные маркеры обнаружения рака в узлах щитовидной железыMicroRNAs – promising molecular markers for detecting cancer in thyroid noduleshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3741-5301СердюковаОльга СтаниславовнаSerdyukovaOlga S.

ординатор

worker

olganov92@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9401-5737ТитовСергей ЕвгеньевичTitovSergei E.

кандидат биологических наук

 PhD

titovse78@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9276-642XМалахинаЕкатерина СергеевнаMalakhinaEkaterina S.

кандидат медицинских наук

MD, PhD

ekaterina.malakhina@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4095-0169РымарОксана ДмитриевнаRymarOksana D.

доктор медицинских наук

MD

orymar23@gmail.com<p>Научно-исследовательский институт терапии и профилактической медицины &ndash; филиал ФГБНУ &ldquo;Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук&rdquo;</p>Россия<p>Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine &ndash; branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences</p>Russian Federation<p>ФГБУН &ldquo;Институт молекулярной и клеточной биологии&rdquo; Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</p>Россия<p>Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p>Russian Federation201827122018143140148Copyright &#x00A9; Сердюкова О.С., Титов С.Е., Малахина Е.С., Рымар О.Д., 20182018Сердюкова О.С., Титов С.Е., Малахина Е.С., Рымар О.Д.Serdyukova O.S., Titov S.E., Malakhina E.S., Rymar O.D.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.cet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/9774

Одним из распространенных заболеваний щитовидной железы (ЩЖ) является узловой зоб. Распространенность узловых образований ЩЖ составляет от 2 до 65%, в зависимости от метода обнаружения. На долю рака по отношению к доброкачественным образованиям ЩЖ приходится 5–10%. В настоящее время основным методом дооперационной диагностики узловых образований является тонкоигольная аспирационная биопсия (ТАБ). Несмотря на то что ТАБ является “золотым стандартом” в диагностике узловых образований ЩЖ, в 30% случаев цитологическое заключение оказывается неопределенным, поскольку цитологических признаков недостаточно для дифференциальной диагностики доброкачественных и злокачественных опухолей. Необходимость повысить эффективность заключений ТАБ привела к поиску новых диагностических биомаркеров и созданию на их основе диагностических панелей с целью применения их в диагностике неопределенных узловых образований. Определение молекулярных маркеров в аспирате ЩЖ позволит более точно дифференцировать доброкачественные и злокачественные новообразования на дооперационном этапе и тем самым уменьшит количество нецелесообразных операций.

В данной обзорной статье представлены характеристики микроРНК, позволяющие их использовать в предоперационной диагностике, указаны диагностические панели на основе мутаций генов и экспрессии микроРНК. Анализ данных литературы свидетельствует, что молекулярный анализ генетического материала ТАБ из узловых образований ЩЖ показывает большие перспективы в диагностике, прогнозе и лечении рака ЩЖ, однако в настоящее время нет достаточной доказательной базы, чтобы рекомендовать либо запрещать использовать молекулярное тестирование при получении цитологического заключения неопределенных узлов ЩЖ. Молекулярный анализ микроРНК – перспективный метод оценки узловых образований ЩЖ с неопределенной цитологией, однако он требует дальнейшего изучения и совершенствования.

Thyroid nodules are one of the most common thyroid diseases. The prevalence of thyroid nodules is estimated to be 2–65% depending on the detection methods. Yet despite the high frequency of thyroid nodules only about 5–10% of such nodules are malignant. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid nodule is currently the primary diagnostic tool for determining the nature of a thyroid nodule. Now, the fine needle aspiration biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing thyroid cancer but in 30% of cases the cytological conclusion is uncertain. Cytological research is not enough to diagnose benign and malignant tumors. The need to improve the effectiveness of fine needle aspiration biopsy findings led to the search for new diagnostic biomarkers and the creation of diagnostic panels on their basis for their application in the diagnosis of uncertain nodules. Determination of molecular markers in the thyroid aspirate will allow to differentiate benign and malignant tumors more accurately at the preoperative stage and reduce the number of inappropriate surgery. The review article presents the characteristics of MicroRNAs, allowing them to be used in preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Diagnostic panels based on gene mutations and MicroRNA expression demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity of these methods are also indicated. Analysis of literature indicates that molecular analysis of fine needle aspiration genetic material from thyroid nodal formations demonstrates great prospects of prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. However, there is no sufficient evidence to recommend or to prohibit of utilization this molecular testing during the cytological conclusion of indeterminate thyroid nodules. Molecular analysis (MicroRNA) is a perspective method for evaluation of thyroid nodal formations with indeterminate cytology, however, this method requires further study and improvement.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.