Iodine status of Saint Petersburg adult residents

Backgraund. Globally, it is estimated that 2 billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake.

Aim. To assess iodine status and the effectiveness of iodine deficiency prophylaxis in adult population of St. Petersburg.

Methods. А retrospective analysis of the prevalence neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia in St. Petersburg for the period 2013–2014 was made. In a cross-sectional study were included 542 residents of St. Petersburg aged 18-77 years. All participants were divided into 3 groups according to age. Pregnant women were evaluated separately. All participants were questioned, the values of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) were analyzed.

Results. The frequency of neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations above 5 mU/L was 6.9%. Iodized salt was used by 41.1% of all surveyed persons and 52.2% of pregnant women. Iodine supplements were taken by half of pregnant women. Median UIС of all participants was 91.2 mcg/L and corresponded to mild iodine deficiency. Median UIC in pregnant women was 112.4 mcg/L and corresponded to insufficient iodine intake.

Conclusions. The population of St. Petersburg lives in a region of mild iodine deficiency. Prophylaxis of iodine deficiency held in St. Petersburg in 2013–2015 was not effective enough. Persons of reproductive age and pregnant women had mild iodine deficiency.

iodine deficiency, iodine status, prevention, pregnant women, adults, iodized salt

1. Дедов И.И., Мельниченко Г.А., Трошина Е.А., и др. Дефицит йода – угроза здоровью и развитию детей России. Пути решения проблемы. – М.; 2006. [Dedov II, Melnichenko GA, Troshina EA, et al. Defitsit ioda – ugroza zdorov’yu i razvitiyu detei Rossiiy. Puti resheniyaproblemy. Moscow; 2006. (In Russ.)]

2. Платонова Н.М. Йодный дефицит: современное состояние проблемы. // Клиническая и экспериментальная тиреоидология. – 2015. – Т. 11. – №1. – С. 12–21. [Platonova NM. Iodine deficiency: current status. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2015;11(1):12-21. (In Russ.)]doi: 10.14341/ket2015112-21.

3. World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund, International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination: a guide for programme managers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.

4. World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund. Iodine Deficiency in Europe: A continuing public health problem. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.

5. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocr Rev. 2009;30(4): 376-408. doi: 10.1210/er.2009-0011.

6. World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund, International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring their Elimination. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.

7. Vandevijvere S, Mourri AB, Amsalkhir S, et al. Fortification of bread with iodized salt corrected iodine deficiency in school-aged children, but not in their mothers: a national cross-sectional survey in Belgium. Thyroid. 2012;22(10):1046-1053. doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0016.

8. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Hannon WH, et al. Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971-1974 and 1988-1994). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(10):3401-3408. doi: 10.1210/jcem.83.10.5168.

9. Мельниченко Г.А., Трошина Е.А., Платонова Н.М., и др. Осведомленность населения России о йододефицитных заболеваниях и способах их профилактики. // Клиническая и экспериментальная тиреоидология. – 2016. – Т. 12. – №3. – С. 25–30. [Melnichenko GA, TroshinaEA, Platonova NM, et al. The awareness of Russians about iodine deficiency diseases and methods of it’s prevention. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2016;12(3):25-30. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.14341/ket2016325-30.

10. Герасимов Г.А., Акопян Т.Е., Басалисян Л.М., и др. Полное устранение дефицита йода в питании населения Армении путем всеобщего йодирования пищевой поваренной соли. // Клиническая и экспериментальная тиреоидология. – 2006. – Т. 2. – №3. – С. 51–55. [Gerasimov GA, Akopyan TE, Basalisyan MS, et al. Total elimination of iodine deficiency in Armenia by universal salt iodination. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2006;2(3):51-55. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.14341/ket20062351-55.

11. Сехниашвили З.Ш., Сучдев П., Герасимов Г.А. Устранение дефицита йода в питании населения Грузии: результаты национального исследования в 2005 году. // Клиническая и экспериментальная тиреоидология. – 2008. – Т. 4. – №2. – С. 48–51. [Sehniashvily SS, Suchdev P, Gerasimov GA. Elimination of iodine deficiency in Georgia: results of national survey in 2005. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2008;4(2):48-51. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.14341/ket20084248-51.

12. Konrade I, Neimane L, Makrecka M, et al. A cross-sectional survey of urinary iodine status in Latvia. Medicina. 2014;50(2): 124-129. doi: 10.1016/j.medici.2014.06.003.

13. Трошина Е.А. Современные аспекты профилактики и лечения йододефицитных заболеваний. Фокус на группы риска. // Медицинский совет. – 2016. – №3. – С. 82–85. [Troshina EA. Current aspects of prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders. Focus on risk groups. Meditsinskiy sovet. 2016;(3):82-85. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2016-3-82-85.

14. Соболева Д.Е., Дора С.В., Волкова А.Р., и др. Йодобеспечение беременных женщин Санкт-Петербурга. Эффективность профилактики развития йододефицитных заболеваний в группе риска. // Проблемы женского здоровья. – 2015. – T. 10. – №2. – С. 25–31. [Soboleva DE, Dora SV, Volkova AR, et al. Iodine status of pregnant women living in Saint-Petersburg. The effectiveness of iodine prevention in risk group. Problemy zhenskogo zdorov’ya. 2015;10(2):25-31. (In Russ.)]

15. Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid. 2017;27(3):315-389. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0457.

16. Lazarus J, Brown RS, Daumerie C, et al. 2014 European Thyroid Association Guidelines for the management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy and in children. Eur Thyroid J. 2014;3(2):76-94. doi: 10.1159/000362597.

17. Герасимов Г.А. Как достичь цели устранения йододефицитных заболеваний в России: проблемы и решения. – М.; 2008. [Gerasimov GA. Kak dostich’ tseli ustraneniya yododefitsitnykh zabolevaniy v Rossii: problemy i resheniya. Moscow; 2008. (In Russ.)]