Review of the literature devoted to the relevance of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Application of the new classification system, the interpretation of FNA can significantly increase the reproducibility of the method and reduce the number of false-negative results. This review summarizes recent data on the epidemiology of thyroid nodules, new system of the interpretation of FNA cytology findings, the role of FNA in the dynamic monitoring of benign tumors of thyroid gland.

According to the EUGOGO’s (European Group On Graves' Orbitopathy) last consensus, the treatment of choice for Graves’ Orbitopathy (GO) is pulses of glucocorticoid (GC). There is a lack of evidence for superiority of any intravenous (iv) GC schedules. As a rule this therapy is pretty safe. However, acute cardiovascular diseases and acute severe liver damage has been reported in sporadic cases during ivGC, resulting in fatal acute liver failure in a few patients. Design: we performed a prospective study in 36 Graves' patients with GO who were treated with 1000 mg of ivGC daily for 5 days (group I, n = 20) or weekly for 5 weeks (group II, n = 16). Results: ALAT and ASAT increases were much more prominent in group I than in group II especially during the treatment and in the first 4 weeks after the treatment. Increase of blood pressure, glycemia and negative ECG alterations in group I resulted to their management. And we revealed much more patients complains in group I. Conclusion: Both schedules seem to be pretty safe, but therapy once a week (for 5 weeks) is safer and allows to treat patients in outpatient clinics, reduce expenditures on inpatient care, accelerate of initial treatment and include more patients into treatment.

The purpose of the article is development, introduction into clinical practice and potency assignment of the protocol of preoperative thyroid and regional efflux of lymph examination and a new method of ultrasonic cervical glands assessment as well as perfection of a repeated (duplicate) neck scan. In a control group (n = 56) only a traditional thyroid scan method of primary diagnostics was used which doesn’t give enough data for planning of extent of an operation. In a comparison set (n = 82) a protocol of preoperative thyroid and regional efflux of lymph examination was introduced. Within the protocol in addition to the traditional thyroid scan method an authors’ improved method of a repeated (duplicate) neck scan and a new method of ultrasonic cervical glands assessment were used which led to significant improvement of the preoperative thyroid cancer diagnostics: agreement climb in preoperative and postoperative diagnoses of 36.10 per cent, climb in preoperatively diagnosed extrathyroidal invasion of 34.15 per cent, climb in preoperatively diagnosed tumor recurrence of 15.85 per cent, climb in tumor cervical glands disease diagnostics of 34.80 per cent.

The results of treatment were analyzed in 101 patients in whom thyroid malignancies were concurrent with autoimmune thyroiditis, which complicated a preoperative diagnostic process. The specific feature of thyroid cancer was a larger number of microcarcinomas,multifocal and multicentric forms, which makes thyroidectomy and bilateral central lymphadenectomya more warranted on choosing the surgical scope.