The role of selenium in the pathogenesis of thyroid disease
Abstract
The past few years have been actively discussing the role of individual macro- and micronutrients as factors regulating the functional activity of organs and systems and reducing the risk of developing a number of diseases, including thyroid diseases.
Selenium is one of the most important and intensively studied at present microelements. According to several studies, its low plasma level is associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune thyroid diseases. In animal experiments, it was shown that a combined deficiency of selenium and iodine leads to more pronounced hypothyroidism than iodine deficiency alone. Some authors believe that cretinism in the newborn is a consequence of the combined deficiency of these two elements in the mother. It is also important that the optimal level of selenium is necessary both to initiate an immune response and to regulate an excessive immune response, as well as chronic inflammation.
The review article discusses the relationship between selenium and thyroid pathology, discusses the role of selenium in the physiology of the thyroid gland and in the development of autoimmune diseases. The biochemical aspects of the pathogenesis of thyroid disease are presented.
About the Authors
Ekaterina A. TroshinaEndocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation
MD, PhD, Professor
Evgeniya S. Senyushkina
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation
MD
Maria A. Terekhova
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Russian Federation
student
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Supplementary files
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1. Fig. 1. Food chain of selenium transfer from the soil to the human body. | |
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2. Fig. 2. Comparison of the structure of selenocysteine and cysteine. | |
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3. Fig. 3. Probable molecular mechanism for incorporation of selenocysteine into proteins during the translation process. The sel B protein interacts with the “hairpin” structure of the 3’-untranslated region of the mRNA, preventing the interruption of translation on the UGA codon and the insertion of selenocysteine. | |
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4. Fig. 4. Biosynthesis of selenium-containing protein starts from serine (Ser) to tRNA (Sec tRNA) with the formation of Ser-Sec tRNA. Then, Serc-SeRn Serc-tRNA residue Sec is phosphorylated and converted to selenocysteyl-tRNA (Sec-tRNA sec). Sec-tRNA is used as a Sec transition into the selenium-containing protein through the action of cis-elements present in the selenium protein mRNA and protein factors, including SECIS-binding protein 2 (SBP2) and Sec-specific translational elongation factor (EF sec). | |
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5. Fig. 5. Selenium proteins of thyrocytes. | |
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6. Fig. 6. The role of specific selenium-containing proteins in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. | |
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Review
For citations:
Troshina E.A., Senyushkina E.S., Terekhova M.A. The role of selenium in the pathogenesis of thyroid disease. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2018;14(4):192-205. (In Russ.)
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