Following the footsteps of goiter expeditions in the Urals
https://doi.org/10.14341/ket12785
Abstract
Historically, regions with low levels of iodine in soil and water have been associated with a higher prevalence of goiter. The link between iodine deficiency and goiter has led to innovative efforts to address this problem. The article discusses the history of the study of endemic goiter in the Urals, presents the results of a large complex work of goiter expeditions of 1929-1934, thanks to which numerous data were obtained that served as the basis for the organization of therapeutic and mass preventive anti-goiter measures in places where goiter is endemic.
About the Author
E. G. Deryabina
Urals Scientific Research Institute for Maternal and Child Care
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Elena G. Deryabina, MD, PhD
Researcher ID: A-4758-2017
Scopus Author ID: 57191620146
1 Repina street, Yekaterinburg, 620028
Competing Interests:
Автор декларирует отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов, связанных с содержанием настоящей статьи.
References
1. Lyapustin VA. Statistics of endemic goiter and geographical zones of its distribution in the Urals. In: Endemic goiter in the Urals. Proceedings and materials of goiter expeditions for 1929–1931. T. I /ed. by Lyapustin VA. Sverdlovsk: Ural Regional State Publishing House. 1933:5–25. (In Russ.).
2. Endemic goiter in the Urals. Proceedings and materials of goiter expeditions for 1932–1934. T. II / ed. by Lyapustin VA. Sverdlovsk: Ural Regional State Publishing House. 1935. (In Russ.).
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5. Nikolaev O.V. Etiology of endemic goiter. Preliminary message. In: Endemic goiter in the Urals. Proceedings and materials of goiter expeditions for 1929–1931. T. I / ed. by Lyapustin VA. — Sverdlovsk: Ural Regional State Publishing House. 1933. (In Russ.).
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1. Figure 1. Endemic goiter in the Urals. Proceedings and materials of goiter expeditions for 1929-1934[2,4] | |
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2. Figure 2. Map of the prevalence of endemic goiter in the Urals in 1930-1931 [1] The highest percentage of goiter is observed among residents of the mountainous Urals. On the map this area is colored red. And as you move away from it, the percentage drops to the extent that the mountainous landscape moves towards the plain, and the village is located downstream of the river. The western slopes of the Urals, where the percentage of infestation persists over a long distance, are colored pink, and the eastern slope, where the endemicity is weak and abruptly ends, is colored pale pink. In the plains and steppes of the region, goiter disappears and occurs only sporadically. | |
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3. Figure 3. Clinical case of euthyroid nodular non-proliferating colloid goiter [6] The patient is 53 years old, the goiter appeared about 20 years ago. Clinically – euthyroidism. Indications for surgical treatment: mechanical signs of compression. She was operated on June 13, 1930 under local anesthesia. The goiter consisted of two lateral and one middle part, descending behind the sternum. The weight of the removed goiter is 1250.0 g. Macroscopically: a coarse-celled structure, a conglomerate of colloidal nodes with small areas of ossification. Microscopically: follicles are 100-500 microns in diameter or more, teardrop shape is well defined, there is a lot of young interfollicular tissue. The glandular epithelium is cubic and flattened in places. | |
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4. Figure 4. Instructions proposed by O.V. Nikolaev for conducting experiments with iodine anti-goiter prophylaxis in schoolchildren [4] | |
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5. Figure 5. Permian salt | |
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6. Figure 6. Sketch of an apparatus for producing iodized salt [11]. Edible salt is loaded into a wooden (or iron) drum, freely rotating on a wooden or iron shaft located inside the mixer, mounted on iron trestles. Inside the drum, the mixer has blades cut obliquely at the ends, mounted vertically on the shaft in two rows. The through shaft with mixing blades is driven separately in the direction opposite to the rotation of the drum. Dimensions of the drum for 500 kg of edible salt for a one-time load: length 1600 mm, internal diameter 1200 mm, required motor power 4 horsepower; the number of revolutions of the drum and mixer is 15 per minute. The iodization process is carried out in this way. 500 kg of table salt is loaded through the loading hole in the middle of the drum; with the drum standing still, the stirrer starts to move; an aqueous solution of potassium iodide is sprayed with an ordinary spray bottle (or some other spray); the loading opening is closed and the drum is also set in motion. A solution of potassium iodide is taken in an amount of 5 liters (or 5 kg), i.e. 1% of the amount of iodized salt; take 2 g of potassium iodide per 5 liters of solution, i.e. 20% higher than required based on 0.0005% potassium iodide from the amount of iodized salt. Excess potassium iodide is necessary to cover losses from absorption by the walls of the apparatus and from partial spraying outside the apparatus during spraying. The productivity of the device is approximately 4 tons per 8 hours of operation with simultaneous processing of 500 kg of salt. Loading takes 10 minutes, spraying potassium iodide – 10 minutes, stirring – 30 minutes, unloading 10 minutes. To unload, the drum is placed with the hole down above the funnel; a rotating mixer sweeps the salt from the ends of the drum to the middle and discharges the salt through a funnel into the trolley. | |
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For citations:
Deryabina E.G. Following the footsteps of goiter expeditions in the Urals. Clinical and experimental thyroidology. 2023;19(4):18-27. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14341/ket12785
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