Селен и щитовидная железа

Известно, что дисбаланс микроэлементов в окружающей среде оказывает непосредственное влияние на функционирование практически всех органов и систем организма человека, и при избыточном или недостаточном поступлении этих веществ начинают действовать механизмы адаптации. Микроэлементы принимают участие в синтезе и метаболизме гормонов, образовании ферментов, влияют на их активность, оказывают действие на деятельность сердечно-сосудистой, нервной, эндокринной и других систем. В настоящее время наблюдается быстрое увеличение объема научных работ о метаболизме соединений селена, селенопротеинах и их функциях, что определяется важностью их эффектов на здоровье человека.

1. Abalovich M., Llesuy S., Gutierrez S. et al. Peripheral parameters of oxidative stress in Graves' disease: the effects of methimazole and iodine treatments // Clin. Endocrinol. 2003. V. 59. P. 321–327.

2. Ademoglu E., Ozbey N., Erbil Y. et al. Determination of oxidative stress in thyroid tissue and plasma of patients with Graves' disease // Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2006. V. 17. P. 545–550.

3. Al Kunani A.S., Knight R., Haswell S.J. et al. The selenium status of women with a history of recurrent miscarriage // Brit. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2001. V. 108. P. 1094–1097.

4. Arner E.S., Holmgren A. Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase // Eur. J. Biochem. 2000. V. 267. P. 6102–6109.

5. Bacic-Vrca V., Skreb F., Cepelak I. et al. The effect of antioxidant supplementation on superoxide dismutase activity, Cu and Zn levels, and total antioxidant status in erythrocytes of patients with Graves' disease // Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2005. V. 43. P. 383–388.

6. Bates J.M., Spate V.L., Morris J.S. et al. Effects of selenium deficiency on tissue selenium content, deiodinase activity, and thyroid hormone economy in the rat during development // Endocrinol. 2000. V. 141. P. 2490–2500.

7. Beckett G.J., Arthur J.R. Selenium and endocrine system // J. Endocrinol. 2005. V. 184 (3). P. 455–465.

8. Bianco A.C., Kim B.W. Deiodinases: implications of the local control of the thyroid hormone action // J. Clin. Invest. 2006. V. 116. P. 2571–2579.

9. Bianco A.C., Salvatore D., Gereben B. et al. Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases // Endocr. Rev. 2002. V. 23. P. 38–89.

10. Birringer M., Pilawa S., Flohe L. Trends in selenium biochemistry // Nat. Prod. Rep. 2002. V. 19. P. 693–718.

11. Bjorkman U., Ekholm R. Hydrogen peroxide degradation and glutathione peroxidase activity in cultures of thyroidal cells // Mol. Cell. Endocr. 1995. V. 111. P. 99–107.

12. Bleys J., Miller E.R., Pastor-Barriuso R. et al. Vitamin-mineral supplementation and the progression of atherosclerosis: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006. V. 84. P. 880–887.

13. Boyages S.C. Iodine deficiency disorders // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1993. V. 77. P. 587-591.

14. Brown M.R., Cohen H.J., lyons J.M. Proximal muscle weakness and selenium deficiency associated with long-term parental nutrition // Idid. P. 549–554.

15. Castellano S., Lobanov A.V., Capple C. et al. Diversity and functional plasticity of eukaryotic selenoproteins: identification and characterization of the Sel family // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA. 2005. V. 102. P. 16188–16193.

16. Caturegli P., Kimura H., Rocchi R. et al. Autoimmune thyroid diseases // Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2007. V. 19. P. 44–48.

17. Conrad M., Jakupoglu C., Moreno S.G. et al. Essential role for mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in hematopoiesis, heart development, and heart function // Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004. V. 24. P. 9414–9123.

18. Contempre B., de Escobar G.M., Denef J.F. Thiocyanate induces cell necrosis and fibrosis in selenium and iodine-deficient rat thyroids: a potential experimental model for myxedematous endemic cretinism in Central Africa // Endocrinol. 2004. V. 145. P. 994–1002.

19. Contempre B., Dumont J.E., Denef J.-F., Many M.C. Effects of selenium deficiency on thyroid necrosis, fibrosis and proliferation: a possible role in myxoedematous cretinism // Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1995. V. 133. P. 99–109.

20. Contempre B., Le Moine O., Dumont J.E. Selenium deficiency and thyroid fibrosis. A key role for macrophages and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) // Mol. Cell. Endocr. 1996. V. 124. P. 7–15.

21. Contempré B., Duale N.L., Dumont J.E. et al. Effect of selenium supple-mentation on thyroid hormone metabolism in an iodine and selenium deficient population // Clin. Endocr. 1992. V. 36. P. 579–583.

22. ContempréB., Jauniaux E., Calvo R. et al. Detection of thyroid hormones in human embryonic cavities during the first trimester of pregnancy // J. Clin. Endocr. Met. 1993. V. 77. P. 1719–1722.

23. Corvilain B., Collyn L., van Sande J. et al. Stimulation by iodide of H2O2 generation in thyroid slices from several species // Am. J. Physiol. Endocr. Met. 2000. V. 278. P. 692–699.

24. Dayan C.M., Daniels G.H. Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis // N. Engl. J. Med. 1996. V. 335. P. 99–107.

25. Delange F. Cassava and the thyroid. In: Gaitan E, ed. Environmental goitrogenesis. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press: 1989. P. 173–194.

26. Derumeaux H., Valeix P., Castetbon K. et al. Association of selenium with thyroid volume and echostructure in 3-to 60-year-old French adults // Eur. J. Endocr. 2003. V. 148. P. 309–315.

27. Dumitrescu A.M., Liau X.H., Abdullah M.S. et al. Mutations in SECISBP2 result in abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism // Nat. Genet. 2005. V. 37. P. 1247–1252.

28. Duntas L.H., Mantzou E., Koutras D.A. Effects of a six month treatment with selenomethionine in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis // Eur. J. Endocr. 2003. V. 148. P. 389–393.

29. Ekholm R., Bjorkman U. Glutathione peroxidase degrades intracellular hydrogen peroxide and thereby inhibits intracellular protein iodination in thyroid epithelium // Endocrinol. 1997. V. 138. P. 2871–2878.

30. Farber J.L., Kyle M.E., Coleman J.B. Mechanisms of cell injury by activated oxygen species // Lab. Invest. 1990. V. 62. P. 670–679.

31. Garland M., Morris J.S., Stampfer M.J. et al. Prospective study of toenail selenium levels and cancer among women // J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1995. V. 87. P. 497–505.

32. Gärtner R., Gasnier B.C., Dietrich J.W. et al. Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations // J. Clin. Endocr. Met. 2002. V. 87. P. 1687–1691.

33. Gärtner R., Gasnier B.C. Selenium in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis // Biofactors. 2003. V. 19. Р. 165–170.

34. Golubkina N., Alftban G. The human selenium status in 27 regions of Russia // J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2000. V. 13. P. 15–20.

35. Guerra L.N., Ríos de Molina Mdel C., Miler E.A. et al. Antioxidants and methimazole in the treatment of Graves' disease: effect on urinary malondial-dehyde levels // Clin. Chim. Acta. 2005. V. 352. P. 115–120.

36. Hunter D.J., Morris J.S., Stampfer M.J. et al. A prospective study of selenium status and breast cancer risk // J.A.M.A. 1990. V. 264. P. 1128–1131.

37. Imai H., Nakagava Y. Biological significance of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx, GPx4) in mammalian cells // Free Rad. Biol. Med. 2003. V. 34. P. 145–169.

38. Kohrle J., Jakob F., Contempre B., Dumont J.E. Selenium, the Thyroid, and the Endocrine System // Endocr. Rev. 2005. V. 26 (7). P. 944–984.

39. Jakupoglu C., Przemeck G.K., Schneider M. et al. Cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase is essential for embryogenesis but dispensable for cardiac develop-ment // Mol. Cell. Biol. 2005. V. 25. P. 1980–1988.

40. Kihara M., Kontani K., Yamauchi A. et al. Expression of thioredoxin in patients with Graves disease // Int. J. Mol. Med. 2005. V. 15. P. 795–799.

41. Kim H., Park S., Suh J.M. et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone transcriptionally regulates the thiol-specific antioxidant gene // Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2001. V. 11. P. 247–252.

42. Kimura T., Okajima F., Sho K. et al. Thyrotropin-induced hydrogen peroxide producrion in FRTL-5 thyroid cells is mediated not by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, but by Ca2+ signalling followed by phospholipase-A2 activation and potentiated by an adenosine derivative // Endocrinol. 1995. V. 136. P. 116–123.

43. Klecha A.J., Barreiro Arcos M.L., Frick L. et al. Immune-endocrine interactions in autoimmune thyroid diseases // Neuroimmunomodulat. 2008. V. 15(1). P. 68–75.

44. Koenig R.J. Regulation of type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase in health and disease // Thyroid. 2005. V. 15. Р. 835-840.

45. Kohrle J. The deiodinase family : selenlenoenzymes regulating thyroid hormone availability and action // Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2000. V. 57. P. 1853–1863.

46. Kohrle J., Jakob F., Contempre B. et al. Selenium, the thyroid, and the endocrine system // Endocr. Rev. 2005. V. 26. Р. 944-984.

47. Kohrle J. The trace element selenium and the thyroid gland // Biochim. 1999. V. 81. P. 383–387.

48. Kryukov G.V., Castellano S., Novoselov S.V. et al. Characterization of mammalian selenoproteomes // Science. 2003. V. 300. P. 1439–1443.

49. Kumar S., Bjornstedt M., Holmgren A. Selenite is a substrate for calf thymus thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin and elicits a large non-stoichiometric oxidation of NADPH in the presence of oxygen // Eur. J. Biochem. 1992. V. 207. P. 435–439.

50. Leonard J.L., Rosenberg I.N. Thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity of rat kidney. Observations on activation by thiols and inhibition by propylthiouracil // Endocrinol. 2003. V. 103. P. 2137–2144.

51. Levander O.A., Beck M.A. Interacting nutritional and infectious etiologies of Keshan disease: insights from Coxackie virus B-induced myocarditis in mice deficient in selenium or vitamin Е // Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1997. V. 56. P. 5–21.

52. Ma T., Guo J., Wang F. The epidemiology of iodine-deficiency diseases in China // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1993. V. 57. P. 264S–266S.

53. Matsui M., Oshima M., Oshima H. et al. Early embryonic lethality caused by targeted disruption of the mouse thioredoxin gene // Dev. Biol. 1996. V. 178. P. 179–185.

54. Mazopakis E.E., Papadakis J.A., Papadomanolaki M.G. et al. Effects of 12 months treatment with L-selenomethionine on serum anti-TPO levels in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis // Thyroid. 2007. V. 17. P. 609–612.

55. Moncayo R., Moncayo H. Nutritional treatment of incipient thyroid autoimmune disease. Influence of selenium supplementation on thyroid function and morphology in children and young adults // Clin. Nutr. 2005. V. 24. P. 530–531.

56. Moreno-Reyes R., Mathieu F., Boelaert M. et al. Selenium and iodine supplementation of rural Tibetan children affected by Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003. V.78. P. 137–144.

57. Moreno-Reyes R., Suetens C., Mathieu F. et al. Kashin-Beck disease and iodine deficiency in Tibet 1998 // N. Eng. J. Med. V. 339. P. 1112–1120.

58. Negro R., Formoso G., Mangieri T. et al. Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications // J. Clin. Endocr. Met. 2006. V. 91. P. 2587–2591.

59. Negro R., Greco G., Mangieri T. et al. The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007. V. 92. P. 1263–1268.

60. Negro R. Selenium and thyroid autoimmunity // Targ. Therap. 2008. V. 2(2). P. 265–273.

61. Nève J. Methods in determination of selenium states // J. Trace Elem. Electrolyt. Heal. Dis. 1991. V. 5(1). P. 1–17.

62. Nomura K., Imai H., Nakagava Y. Involvment of mitochondrial phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase as an antiapoptotic factor // Biol. Sign. Recept. 2001. V. 10. P. 81–92.

63. Nonn L., Williams R.R., Erickson R.P. et al. The absence of mitochondrial thioredoxin 2 causes massive apoptosis, exencephaly, and early embryonic lethality in homozygous mice // Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003. V. 23. P. 916–922.

64. Peg A., Yang C., Rui H., Li H. Study on the patogenetic factors of Kashin-Beck disease // J. Toxicol. Environ.Heal. 1992. V. 35. P. 79–90.

65. Poppe K., Glinoer D. Thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism before and during pregnancy // Hum. Reprod. Update. 2003. V. 9. P. 149–161.

66. Prummel M.F., Wiersinga W.M. Thyroid autoimmunity and miscarriage // Eur. J. Endocr. 2004. V. 150. P. 751–755.

67. Rayman M.P. The importance of selenium to human health // Lancet. 2000. V. 356. P. 233–241.

68. Seven R., Gelisgen R., Seven A. et al. Influence of propylthiouracil treatment on oxidative stress and nitric oxide in Basedow disease patients // J. Toxicol. Env. Heal. 2001. V. 62. P. 495–503.

69. Smyth P.P. Role of iodine in antioxidant defence in thyroid and breast disease. // Biofact. 2003. V. 19. P. 121–130.

70. St. Germain D.L., Hernandez A., Schneider M.J. et al. Insights into the role of deiodinases from studies of genetically modified animals // Thyroid. 2005. V. 15. Р. 905–916.

71. Stagnaro-Green A. Postpartum thyroiditis // Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocr. Met. 2004. V. 18. P. 303–316.

72. Stawicki S.P., Lyons M., Aloupis M. et al. Current evidence from phase III clinical trials of selenium supplementation in critically ill patients: why should we bother? // Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2007. V. 7. P. 693–639.

73. Stranges S., Marshall J.R., Natarajan R. et al. Effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial // Ann. Intern. Med. 2007. V. 147. P. 217–223.

74. Strieder T.G., Prummel M.F., Tijssen J.G. et al. Risk factors for and prevalence of thyroid disorders in a cross-sectional study among healthy female relatives of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease // Clin. Endocrin. 2003. V. 59. P. 396–401.

75. Sun Q.A., Kirnarsky L., Sherman S. et al. Selenoprotein oxidoreductase with specificity for thioredoxin and glutathione systems // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA. 2001. V. 98. P. 3673–3678.

76. Sun Q.A., Wu Y., Zappacosta F. et al. Redox regulation of cell signalling by selenocysteine in mammalian thioredoxin reductases // J. Biol. Chem. 1999. V. 274. P. 24522–24530.

77. Surai P. Selenium in nutrition and health Nottingham: Univ. Press, 2006.

78. Vanderpas J.B., Contemprè B., Duale N.L. Iodine and selenium deficiency associated with cretinism in Zaire // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1990. V. 52. P. 1087–1093.

79. Wertenbruch T., Willenberg H.S., Sagert C. et al. Serum selenium levels in patients with remission and relapse of Graves' disease // Med. Chem. 2007. V. 3. P. 281–284.

80. Xia Y., Hill K.E., Byrne D.W. et al. Effectiveness of selenium supplements in a low-selenium area of China // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005. V. 81. P. 829–834.

81. Yang G.Q., Xia Y.M. Studies on human dietary requirements and safe rang of dietary intakes of selenium in China and their application in the prevention of related endemic diseases // Biomed. Environ. Sci. 1995. V. 8. P. 187–201.

82. Голубкина Н.А., Шагова М.В. Уровень потребления селена беременными женщинами некоторых регионов России и стран СНГ / Тез. Докл. Всерос. конф. “Питание детей 21 века”. М., 2000. С. 28.

83. Тутельян В.А., Княжев В.А., Хотимченко и др. Селен в организме человека. М: Изд. РАМН, 2002. С. 30–31.