In the midst of continuing coronavirus infection (COVID-19) there has been an increase in the incidence of various autoimmune pathologies. Particular attention to the potential relationship between coronavirus infection and autoimmune diseases is attracted by the positive therapeutic effect of the treatment of severe forms of COVID-19 with drugs used in the treatment of rheumatologically diseases.
The results of the study should be the starting point for understanding the mechanisms of possible breakdown of immunological tolerance and the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases.
AIM: To assess the risks of developing autoimmune thyroid disease after COVID-19, and to investigate the effect of therapy in the acute period on the possible development of autoimmune thyroid diseases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective comparative study included patients hospitalized at the National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology with a clinical and laboratory analysis of COVID-19 and bilateral polysegmental viral pneumonia (n=41). Patients with COVID-19 were divided into two subgroups: a subgroup of patients who received tocilizumab therapy in acute period (n=10), the second subgroup of patients who received symptomatic therapy during the acute period COVID-19 (n=31).
To assess the functional status of the thyroid gland all patients underwent observation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (T3f), free thyroxine (T4f), antibodies to thyroperoxidase (Ab-TPO) and antibodies to the TSH receptor (Ab-recTSH).
The concentrations of 27 signaling molecules in the blood serum were assessed by the technology of multiplex flow immunoassay using the Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 27-plex Assay kit of cytokines and chemokines: interleukins-1b, -1ra, -2, 4-10, -12, -13, -15, -17 (IL-1b, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL - 4-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17), Eotaxin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), granulocyte- macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G -CSF), interferon-gamma (IFN-g), IFNγ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), also known as monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF), macrophage inflammatory protein -1 (MIP-1a and -1b), platelet growth factor BB (PDGF-bb), Regulated on Activation Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
All patients denied the presence of thyroid diseases, palpation of the thyroid gland revealed nodular formations in 5% of patients, and appropriate recommendations were given to patients.
RESULTS: The overt hypothyroidism was detected in 2.4% of patients, subclinical - in 7.3% of patients in six months after the onset of coronavirus infection, and also found increased levels of the Ab-TPO in six months after recovery (p = 0.023 - Wilcoxon test). In the group of patients with increased Ab-TPO levels after COVID-19, statistically significantly high levels of IFN-g (p = 0.007), Eotaxin (p = 0.008) were obtained. An increased Ab-recTSH were revealed in the group of patients with severe COVID-19 who did not receive pathogenetic therapy with tocilizumab in the acute period (p = 0.046 - Mann-Whitney test).
CONCLUSION: The results of our study and the scientific work of foreign colleagues demonstrate the potential risks of developing autoimmune thyroid diseases after a coronavirus infection. A close relationship was found between changes in the thyroid profile and hyperactivation of the immune system with hyperproduction of pro-inflammatory interleukins in COVID-19. This statement is confirmed by the revealed overt and subclinical hypothyroidism, as well as an increase in Ab- TPO levels in this group of patients after a coronavirus infection (p = 0.023 - Wilcoxon test) with a simultaneous persistent increased levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines in dynamics, determined by autoimmune thyroiditis.
The hypothesis of thyroid tissue damage by pro-inflammatory cytokines during COVID-19, as well as the hypothesis suggesting a protective effect on the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases by therapy with tocilizumab in the acute period were confirmed by increased levels of Ab-recTSH in patients with severe COVID-19 who did not receive tocilizumab in the acute period (p = 0.046 - Mann-Whitney test).

AIM: To study anthropometric, biochemical and hormonal characteristics of women aged 25-44 with different levels of thyroid- stimulating hormone, prolactin and leptin.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a representative sample of the young population of the Oktyabrsky district of Novosibirsk aged 25-44 years (840 women), a group of women (n=655) was selected to study cardiometabolic and hormonal parameters. The design of the study was a cross-sectional, observational, single-centre study. All participants underwent determination of anthropometric parameters (weight, measurement of waist circumference (WC) and hips (HC), calculation of BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), biochemical parameters (total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), creatinine, calculation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR).Statistical processing was carried out using the SPSS-13 package.
RESULTS: The study included 655 women, mean age 36.3±5.4 years, mean BMI 25.0±5.7 kg/m2. Young women showed direct associations of TSH with HC (r=0.115, p<0.05), TG (r=0.145, p<0.010) and inverse association with GFR (r=-0.129, p<0.05). PRL is inversely associated with HC (r=-0.109, p<0.05). Of all the studied hormones, leptin is most associated with anthropometric and biochemical parameters in young women. Thus, leptin is directly associated with WC (r=0.562, p<0.0001), HC (r=0.589, p<0.0001), WC/HC index (r=0.309, p<0.0001), BMI ( r=0.582, p<0.0001), as well as levels of SBP (r=0.293, p<0.0001), DBP (r=0.274, p<0.0001), TC (r=0.123, p=0.018), TG (r=0.234, p<0.0001), FPG (r=0.150, p=0.004), inversely related to HDL-C (r=-0.225, p<0.0001).
CONCLUSION: The metabolic status of women aged 25-44 is associated with the level of TSH, leptin. It is advisable to determine TSH, leptin in young women with abdominal obesity for the purpose of dynamic monitoring and correction.

The novel coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has gone down in history as one of the deadliest pandemics in history. Since the first reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection, a lot of data has appeared regarding the features of the COVID-19 pathogenesis and the effect of the virus on various organs and tissues. It is known that SARS-CoV-2 can cause both pulmonary and systemic inflammation, causing multiple organ dysfunction. In addition, since the beginning of the pandemic, reports of the relationship between COVID-19 and thyroid dysfunction have continued to emerge. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the thyroid gland and the entire hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis can be significant targets for the pathogenic effects of SARS-CoV-2.
The classic thyroid dysfunctions in infectious diseases, also described in COVID-19, are subacute thyroiditis and secondary hypothyroidism. Of particular interest is the development of atypical thyroiditis-SARS-CoV-2 against the background of COVID-19, a condition first recorded during COVID-19, associated with formidable cardiovascular complications and high mortality in patients with COVID-19, not previously encountered in other viral infections.
This article describes a clinical case of SARS-CoV-2 atypical thyroiditis in a patient with bilateral viral pneumonia in the acute period of COVID-19.

Iodine is the most important trace element in the human body. Its main function is to participate in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The main source of iodine for humans is food rich in this trace element. The iodine content in foods varies greatly. The main sources of iodine are seafood, iodized salt, seaweed, as well as dairy products and egg yolks. In addition, iodine is found in a number of drugs for external and internal use, dietary supplements, and in iodinated contrast agents.
Low-iodine diet (less than 50 μg per day) is prescribed before radioactive iodine therapy (RAIT) for thyroid diseases, namely hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer. Currently, there is no consensus on the clinical benefits of such a diet, especially in countries with iodine deficiency, such as Russia.
The aim of this review is to assess the need for a low-iodine diet and its optimal duration, as well as to determine the clinical characteristics affecting the outcome of RAIT, based on data from recent studies.