Recently, the prevalence of autoimmune diseases has been steadily increasing among the population, posing a significant problem for healthcare. One of the most common autoimmune pathologies is autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Due to the absence of prognostic markers to predict outcomes of AIT, such as the development of hypothyroidism, there is an increasing necessity for molecular-genetic research into the autoimmune changes occurring within this disease. This research is likely to contribute to the development of new diagnostic methods and the identification of key aspects of pathogenesis, thereby preventing the development of the autoimmune process. One area of research includes analyzing the impact of environmental factors on the autoimmune process. Investigating the relationships between factors and stages of AIT pathogenesis can form the basis for methods aimed at modifying these factors to prevent disease progression. Studying the comorbidity of autoimmune diseases and the relationships between various thyroid pathologies of different etiologies, helps identify high-risk groups for subsequent screening and early detection. Thus, exploring the molecular-biological basis of AIT development lays the foundation for developing effective strategies in prevention, diagnosis, and therapy, aimed at improving the quality of life of patients.

Thyrotoxicosis is a condition caused by an excess of thyroid hormones, such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), in the body, leading to corresponding clinical manifestations. One of the main challenges in the differential diagnosis of various forms of thyrotoxicosis is the similarity in the clinical presentation of diseases. Therefore, the main tools for accurate diagnosis verification in the wide spectrum of thyrotoxicosis nosologies are the correct sequence of laboratory and instrumental investigations and subsequent interpretation of the obtained results. Only accurately established disease etiology will allow for the selection of the most appropriate and effective treatment for a particular patient, as well as the avoidance of unjustified risks of possible complications. In this article, we will discuss the main difficulties that may arise during the differential diagnosis of various forms of thyrotoxicosis, as well as address some key aspects of proper diagnosis.

Historically, regions with low levels of iodine in soil and water have been associated with a higher prevalence of goiter. The link between iodine deficiency and goiter has led to innovative efforts to address this problem. The article discusses the history of the study of endemic goiter in the Urals, presents the results of a large complex work of goiter expeditions of 1929-1934, thanks to which numerous data were obtained that served as the basis for the organization of therapeutic and mass preventive anti-goiter measures in places where goiter is endemic.

ENDO 2023, one of the key international events dedicated to endocrine diseases, was held in June 2023. This article provides a brief overview of the clinical part of the event on thyroid diseases.