One of the key, as well as regulatory, roles in immune response is given to the system of cytokines. The change in the content of serum opposite’s cytokines in GD is dynamic. The beginning of autoimmune thyrotoxicosis shows the largest amounts of cytokines - IL-1α and IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-17, TGF-β and IL-10. It has been proved that there is a direct correlation dependence of the degree of the severity of the autoimmune thyrotoxicosis on the content of proinflammatory (IL-1α and IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-17) and anti-inflammatory TGF-β, IL-10 cytokines in the patient’s blood serum, as well as on the production of anti-receptive thyroid autoantibodies. The benefits of study indexed that, long-term Thiamazole treatment in generally accepted standard doses demonstrates significant reduction of cytokine volume. It has also made it possible to work out the algorithm of the development of autoimmune thyrotoxicosis recurrence.

The goal of the study was to determine diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in detection of malignant thyroid tumors based on retrospective analyses of 40696 FNAB of patients with thyroid nodules. Results. Comparison of the results of FNAB with postoperative histological examination data from 3004 patients revealed that the rate of false positive cytopathological results was 1.2% and the rate of false negative results was 1.8%. The sensitivity reached 99.67%. The specificity of FNAB when taking into account follicular lesions dropped to 16.29%, while leaving follicular lesions - 94.29%. Cytological results of 49609 FNAB of patients with thyroid nodules according to Bethesda system were arranged as follows: noninformative results - 8%, benign nodules - 81.9% (colloid nodules - 71.6%, autoimmune thyroiditis - 10.2%, subacute thyroiditis and others - 0.02%), follicular lesions - 7.2% (follicular neoplasm - 7.1%, follicular lesion of indeterminate value - 0.1%), suspicious for malignancy - 0.02%, malignant tumor - 3%, among the latter papillary carcinoma - 93%. Malignant tumors, according to postoperative histological examination, were detected among the group with cytological diagnosis “follicular neoplasm” in 16.3% of cases. After performing FNAB of regional lymph nodes with suspicious ultrasound signs the metastases of papillary carcinoma were revealed in 24.6% of cases. Application of FNAB in clinical practice at our Center to all patients with thyroid nodules of 1 cm in size and larger resulted in increment of thyroid operations for oncological indications from 12.5% in 2004 to 53% in 2012. Conclusion. FNAB under ultrasound control is the most informative differential method for thyroid diseases, permitting to reveal primary and metastatic thyroid lesions. FNAB allow to evade nonobligatory diagnostic operations in many patients.

The aim of this study was estimate the clinical characteristics of Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) in first@degree relatives of persons in families with autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). Patients: Eighty one patients with AITD of 40 families, mean age (+/@s.d.) 41.9 ± 1.8; range 18-73 years. In 10 families (25%) AITD traced among siblings, whose average age was 33.6 ± 3.5 years, 29 families (72.5%) - of two generations (parent@ descendant) 57.4 ± 1.6 and 32.2 ± 1.5 years, p = 0.001, respectively. In one family (2.5%) the disease was traced in both parents and their offspring. Results. Among patients with a positive family history for AITD is dominated by a pair of parent - descendant with a diagnosis of hypothyroidism (55%). Preliminary evidence of genetic anticipation in GD and HT. Patients with a family history of AITD ill of GD and HT to 50 years (84%), half - up to 30 years (47%). In familial forms of GD, a decrease in compensated patients for two generations. Among parents and descendant with hypothyroidism, there is a low percentage of persons over the medical euthyroidism (42%).

In patients with various diseases with kidney’s involvement, there was a significant increase of IL-8 urine concentration. In chronic pyelonephritis increase of urine IL-8 have been suggested as an indicator of active renal fibrogenesis. Thyroid hormones affect the kidneys through various mechanisms. The most exact indicator of renal function now is the glomerular filtration rate (GRF). Aim. To study the GFR and IL-8 levels in patients with Graves' disease. Results. The study included 95 patients with Graves' disease in the decompensated thyrotoxicosis stage. GFR above 120 ml/min occurred in 37.9% of patients; 90-120 ml/min - in 40%; below 90 ml/min - in 22.1%. Reduction GFR below 60 ml/min weren’t observed. There is a direct correlation between GFR and triiodothyronine (T3) level (r s = 0.45; p = 0.001), the inverse correlation between GFR and IL-8 level (r s = -0.53; p = 0.037). Conclusion. In patients with Graves' disease detected correlation between T3 level and GFR increase. While GFR reduced it was recorded the IL-8 elevation in serum.