The thyroiditis in children are urgent problem of pediatric endocrinology due to the widespread occurrence and characterized by clinical and pathogenetic heterogeneity. The developed clinical guidelines are the main working tool of the practitioner. They briefly and structurally present the main information about the epidemiology and modern classification of thyroiditis, methods of their diagnosis and treatment based on the principles of evidence-based medicine.

Treatment of thyrotoxicosis caused by Graves’ disease or multinodular toxic goiter, is not difficult, in most cases, since the prescription of thionamides allows to normalize the level of thyroid hormones quickly and safety. But in a number of cases this therapy might be associated with serious side effects (agranulocytosis, toxic hepatitis, cholestasis), severe allergic reactions and also individual intolerance on thionamides. In such cases lithium carbonate is used, especially in severe thyrotoxic syndrome. It is known, that lithium can accumulate in the thyroid gland at a concentration 3–4 times higher than in the plasma. Perhaps, lithium uses Na+/I- ions. It can inhibit the synthesis and secretion thyroid hormones of thyroid gland. The article presents the cases reported the use of lithium carbonate in thyrotoxicosis treatment before thyroidectomy. Administering low doses of carbonate lithium (900 mg/ per day) renders significant decrease or normalization of thyroid hormones concentration within 7–14 days, thus it let perform thyroidectomy on the patients. No side effects have been identified with such a short course of lithium carbonate treatment.

August 25, 2021 marks the 180th anniversary of the birth of the renowned physician Emil Theodor Kocher. He was a man whose talent has manifested itself in various fields of medicine. Nowadays it is impossible to imagine a doctor who does not know the name of Kocher, because he is the author of many surgical methods and techniques that are still valid, despite advances in modern medicine. Furthermore, some of the instruments designed by Kocher are still used in surgery. In addition to the biography of Kocher, this article considers information about his work in the field of thyroidology, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1909. Kocher has performed more than 5,000 thyroidectomies during his career. Thanks to the technique he developed, the mortality rate of that surgery decreased at least fortyfold. In those days there were not researches on functions of the thyroid gland, but Kocher noticed that total thyroidectomy leads to serious consequences. Therefore he refused to do such surgeries without invariable indications.

Jacques-Louis Reverdin is a famous Swiss surgeon, scientist, and entomologist of the nineteenth century. He made a considerable contribution to the development of transplantology — he was one of the first to publish work on allotransplantation, performing the so — called “skin grafting”, urology — he defended his thesis on urethrotomy, endocrinology- he performed surgical operations for the treatment of goiter, observed and described the symptoms of iatrogenic hypothyroidism, introduced the concept of postoperative myxedema. For thirty-four years, he led an active surgical practice, thanks to which he described a large number of operations (the most famous are operations on the thyroid gland), introduced a surgical suture and needle, which are still used today. During the Franco-Prussian war, he commanded a Swiss ambulance. He was a proponent of Lister’s method of asepsis and antiseptics, and introduced it in hospitals in Geneva. He was engaged in teaching and research, and was nominated for the Nobel prize three times. He received the Amuss prize of the Academy of Medicine, the prize of the Paris Academy of medicine for his work on urethrotomy, founded the Revue Medicale de la Suisse Romande, and was a co-founder and later President of the Association of physicians of Geneva. Honorary member of the entomological societies of Switzerland, France, England and Brazil.

July 14, 2021 marks the 220th anniversary of an outstanding scientist and physician — Johann Peter Müller. It is thanks to his works that we know what the «endocrine gland» is, understand the taxonomy of the animal world and the essence of ontogenesis. Professor, researcher, wonderful teacher, director of the anatomical and physiological museum of the University of Berlin — he succeeded in any role in life. Mueller’s discoveries were recognized during his lifetime, textbooks were published under his leadership, and scientific articles were published. The value of the professor’s work is high to this day, which once again proves the colossal contribution of Johann Müller in the formation of world science.