The causes and mechanisms of cataract development are not studied well enough up to the present. Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by the decrease of parathyroid glands function and decrease of parathyroid hormone production in the most cases. The main clinical manifestation of hypoparathyroidism is a low serum calcium level. Cataract is one of the most important but not well studied complications of hypoparathyroidism. According to clinical researches the cause of cataract development is post-operative hypoparathyroidism which caused post-operative tetany. There is a latent development of hypoparathyroidism apart from manifestation form with tetany, when the ion pomp lens dysfunction is the basic in pathogenesis of cataract development. Besides, cataract may be caused by long-standing hypocalcaemia associated with hyperphosphathemia, that results to the landing of mineral ion deposits in the lens. Thus, there is progressive cataract with hypocalcaemia, though pathogenesis is not studied in a detailed way at present. Nevertheless, the normal serum calcium level can present cataract development. So, early diagnosis and treatment of hypocalcaemia may be useful in controlling the development of cataract.

The results of comparative preoperative cytological and postoperative histological investigation of 3714 patients with thyroid nodules are presented. The causes of discrepancies are discussed and measures of their diminution are proposed. Great value of fine needle biopsy to differ thyroid nodules but follicular neoplasia into benign and malignant are determined. Its sensitivity in our clinics is 98.7% and specificity – 100%. Necessity of the of the second FNA if the first one is non informative is established.

Purpose: To assess the utility of BRAFV600E mutation detection in preoperative thyroid cancer diagnostic. Material and methods: We studied 46 aspirates taken by FNA from patients with thyroid gland nodes. Thyroid tissue aspirates DNA was extracted by sorbent method. BRAF gene mutation was analyzed with primers specific for wild and mutant gen type by RT-PCR. Results: All patients were divided into three groups by cytological conclusions: colloid nodules (9), PTC (19), and suspicious for malignancy (18). In the group of patients with PTC all diagnoses were confirmed by histology, and BRAF gene mutation was detected in 15 (79%) FNAB specimens. In the group with suspicious cytological diagnosis only one patient had follicular cancer by histology and positive BRAF mutation. There were detected no BRAF mutation in 16 patients with histologically proven follicular adenoma, in 9 patients with colloid nodular goiter and in one patient with follicular cancer. Thereby, we received the following criteria valuers of method’s reliability: sensitivity – 76%, specificity – 100%, diagnostic accuracy – 89%. Conclusions: Detection of the BRAFV600E mutation may be a useful adjunct marker for preoperative diagnostic of thyroid gland cancer.

We retrospectively analyzed the results of measurements of serum TSH concentrations perfomed in 14760 outpatients since October 2008 till October 2009 (n = 14760) in Federal Endocrinological Research Center. Data have been parted on two groups. Results of measurements of serum TSH concentrations between 8.00 and 11.00 h have been included in the first group (n = 14397), between 15.00 and 17.00 h – in the second group (n = 363). The median of TSH concentrations of the first group was 1,58 mU/l, the second group – 1,1 mU/l (р <0,05). According to the present TSH reference ranges (0,4–4,0 mU/l), prevalence of a hypothyroidism in the first group was 13%, in the second group was 6% (р <0.0001). Also smaller prevalence of TSH 2,5–4,0 mU/l has been defined in the second group (р <0,0001). Prevalence of TSH 0,4–2,5 mU/l has been calculated as 60% in the first group and as 69% – in the second. Тhus thyrotropin circadian variability are necessary for considering at discussion of changes in TSH reference range.

Aim: to assess the efficacy of non-toxic goiter treatment by the use of iodine alone or combinations of iodine with selenium and enterosorbent in adults on the territories of mild iodine deficiency and anthropogenic pollution. Methods: we have cared out 6-month prospective study in which 90 adults with goiter from the areas with mild iodine deficiency and anthropogenic pollution were divided into 3 groups: 30 of them took 200 mcg of KI (group 2); 30 had KI combined with enterosorbent preparation (group 3); 30 had combinations of iodine with selenium and enterosorbent given in physiological doses (group 4). Thyroid volume, status, biochemical parameters were evaluated at baseline, at 3 and 6 month of the treatment. Results were compared with those among healthy controls (n = 28, group 1). Results. The most significant decreasing of thyroid volumes and TSH was found in group 4 in 6 month compared with the baseline (11,9% and 22,6% retrospectively, р < 0,00001 for both). The changes in groups 2 and 3 were similar but less significant. Conclusions. Combined therapy can be of benefit in patients with diffuse non-toxic goiter residing in areas with mild iodine deficiency and anthropogenic pollution of the environment.

For studying structure pathologies of a thyroid gland at children and the teenagers living in northern territories Khanty-Mansiysk of autonomous region, for the period 2000–2008 the retrospective analysis of results of 3002 ultrasonic researches of a thyroid gland is lead To 32.7% of cases at children and teenagers attributes endemic goiter a craw are revealed. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, changes thyroid gland, are revealed in 4.2% of cases. The one-central and multinodal craw was made with 2.1 and 0.7%, accordingly. In 60.3% according to ultrasonic of inspection of pathology a thyroid gland it is not revealed. The basic ultrasonic models colloidal a craw, central cellular a craw and an adenoma of a thyroid gland are developed. The estimation of criteria the importance of the given models is lead, the estimation of results has allowed to consider, that the received ultrasonic models were adequate for ultrasound research.